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Canada

Nationality · visas, permits and migration

Moved to OECD countries, 2023
42,550
Top destination, 2023
United States
U.S. non-immigrant visas, FY2025
11,892
UK visas issued, 2025
10,384
Schengen visa refusal rate, 2024
5.0%
NationalityCAISO 3166
Year by year
Data as at 2025
NA<CACANADA<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
CA4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<8

Visa requirements for a short visit

Whether citizens of Canada need a visa for a short tourist or business visit, according to the legal lists. Rules change; check the official source before travelling.

DestinationShort visitLegal basis
Schengen areaNo visa for stays of up to 90 days in any 180-day periodRegulation (EU) 2018/1806 (consolidated 30.12.2025)
United KingdomNo visa; electronic travel authorisation (ETA) requiredImmigration Rules, Appendix Visitor / ETA National List
Hong KongNo visa for visits of up to 90 daysImmigration Department (HKSAR), visit visa requirements, 31.12.2025
Source: Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 (consolidated 30 Dec 2025); UK Immigration Rules, Appendix Visitor and ETA National List; Canada IRPR s. 190 and Schedule 1.1; Immigration Department (HKSAR), visit visa requirements as at 31 Dec 2025Data as at Oct 2026

Where people from Canada move

Inflows of foreign nationals by country of nationality, as recorded by each destination (OECD).

Inflows to OECD countries, 2023
  1. United States19,010
  2. South Korea4,976
  3. Mexico2,948
  4. Germany2,815
  5. Japan2,750
  6. Australia1,393
  7. Netherlands1,291
  8. New Zealand1,242
  9. France1,233
  10. Switzerland727
  11. Portugal638
  12. Türkiye587
  13. Denmark548
  14. Italy408
  15. Austria392

Inflows to all OECD countries by year

26k53k200020032006200920122015201820212023
26k53k2000200420082012201620202023
Data table
200028,364
200136,265
200234,391
200326,349
200430,971
200538,009
200638,442
200735,650
200844,898
200944,634
201042,748
201141,592
201249,950
201351,402
201452,858
201549,679
201650,184
201748,387
201846,302
201948,937
202032,295
202133,815
202243,394
202342,550
Share going to the top destination
44.7%
Destinations recording arrivals
15
Source: OECD, International Migration Database (OECD.ELS.IMD), accessed 24 Oct 2026Data as at 2023

Living abroad

People born in Canada who live in another country: mid-year estimates of the international migrant stock (UN DESA). Where a destination records citizenship rather than country of birth, its foreign citizens are counted.

Largest destinations, 2024
  1. United States950,387
  2. United Kingdom81,845
  3. Australia57,190
  4. Italy23,315
  5. China23,177
  6. Hong Kong15,819
  7. Mexico14,431
  8. Greece13,663
  9. New Zealand13,149
  10. Switzerland13,033
  11. Japan11,477
  12. Israel10,021

Living abroad by year

674k1.35M19901995200020052010201520202024
674k1.35M19902000201020202024
Data table
19901,114,493
19951,273,577
20001,248,046
20051,255,998
20101,255,259
20151,307,957
20201,310,121
20241,347,381
Living abroad, 2024
1,347,381
Change since 2000
+8.0%
Share living in the largest destination, 2024
70.5%
Source: United Nations, DESA Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024 (CC BY 3.0 IGO)Data as at 2024

United States

Visas issued to citizens of Canada by U.S. consulates (fiscal years, October–September) and certified PERM labor certifications.

Non-immigrant visas by class, FY2025
  1. E26,779
  2. E11,271
  3. NATO2589
  4. K1521
  5. G4433
  6. L2276
  7. F1264
  8. H4252
  9. A1221
  10. B1/B2198

Non-immigrant visas by fiscal year

5,94612k201720182019202020212022202320242025
5,94612k20172019202120232025
Data table
20175,317
20188,244
20199,658
20205,429
20214,687
20227,689
202310,601
202411,803
202511,892
Immigrant visas by class, FY2025
  1. IR1752
  2. E2350
  3. E1290
  4. IR2228
  5. E3194
  6. CR1160
  7. F4153
  8. F3139
Immigrant visas, FY2025
2,679
Certified PERM labor certifications, FY2024 (latest year with citizenship)
2,340
Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, monthly visa issuances (public domain); U.S. Department of Labor, OFLC PERM disclosure data (public domain)Data as at FY2025

Green cards and U.S. citizenship

People born in Canada who became U.S. lawful permanent residents (green cards) or U.S. citizens, and admissions of citizens of Canada with an I-94 record (DHS, fiscal years).

Green cards by fiscal year

6,39513k2015201620172018201920202021202220232024
6,39513k201520172019202120232024
Data table
201512,670
201612,790
201711,480
20189,900
201911,390
20209,530
20219,980
202211,320
202311,870
202411,620
Green cards by class of admission, FY2024
  1. Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens6,620
  2. Employment-based preferences4,150
  3. Family-sponsored preferences510
  4. Other classes220
  5. Refugees and asylees80
  6. Diversity visa lottery40
Temporary worker admissions (I-94), FY2024
  1. Other temporary workers1,038,010
  2. Intracompany transferees (L-1)156,760
  3. Specialty occupations (H-1B)131,850
  4. Spouses and children109,030
  5. Athletes, artists and entertainers (P)39,890
  6. Extraordinary ability (O-1, O-2)25,090
  7. Seasonal agricultural workers (H-2A)8,640
  8. Seasonal non-agricultural workers (H-2B)1,500
Green cards, FY2024 (born in Canada)
11,620
Naturalizations, FY2024 (born in Canada)
11,290
I-94 admissions, FY2024 (citizenship)
14,846,510
Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Homeland Security Statistics, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2024 (public domain)Data as at FY2024

United Kingdom

Entry clearance visas issued to nationals of Canada (Home Office) and students with a permanent address in Canada (HESA).

Visas issued by group, 2025
  1. Work5,228
  2. Study4,010
  3. Family445
  4. Visitor433
  5. Other268

Visas issued by year

5,87412k201020122014201620182020202220242025
5,87412k201020132016201920222025
Data table
201011,218
201110,525
201210,340
201311,378
201411,246
201511,748
201610,646
201710,658
201810,922
201911,118
20206,167
20219,095
202210,580
202310,466
202410,087
202510,384
Students at UK universities, 2024/25
8,080
Source: Home Office, Immigration system statistics (year ending June 2026), Open Government Licence v3.0Data as at 2025

Australia

Temporary skilled visas (subclass 457 to 2018, then 482) granted to primary applicants who are citizens of Canada, by financial year ending 30 June (Home Affairs).

Primary visas granted by financial year

9761,9522005–062007–082009–102011–122013–142015–162017–182019–202021–222023–242025–26
9761,9522005–062009–102013–142017–182021–222025–26
Data table
2005–061,355
2006–071,376
2007–081,777
2008–091,556
2009–101,251
2010–111,662
2011–121,952
2012–131,675
2013–141,361
2014–151,262
2015–161,035
2016–171,034
2017–18829
2018–19760
2019–20593
2020–21462
2021–22419
2022–23641
2023–24584
2024–25670
2025–26663
By stream, 2025–26
  1. Core Skills412
  2. Specialist Skills214
  3. Labour Agreement18
  4. Medium-term10
  5. Short-term9
Granted, 2025–26
663
Share of all Australian grants, 2025–26
1.0%
Source: Department of Home Affairs (Australia), BP0014 Temporary Resident (skilled) visas granted, data locked at 30 Sep 2026 (data.gov.au, CC BY)Data as at 2025–26

Japan

Citizens of Canada living in Japan at the end of each December, by status of residence (Immigration Services Agency of Japan). 2020 and 2021 were published only as database tables.

Foreign residents in Japan

6,51713k2012201420162018202220242025
6,51713k2012201420162018202220242025
Data table
20129,006
20139,025
20149,286
20159,538
201610,034
201710,282
201810,713
201911,118
202210,926
202311,670
202412,226
202513,034
By status of residence, December 2025
  1. Permanent Resident4,464
  2. Spouse or Child of Japanese National2,241
  3. Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services1,737
  4. Instructor1,008
  5. Designated Activities950
  6. Dependent679
  7. Student651
  8. Highly Skilled Professional242
  9. Long-Term Resident196
  10. Professor189
Residents, December 2025
13,034
In work-related statuses
3,599
Share in work-related statuses
27.6%
Students
651
Source: Immigration Services Agency of Japan, Statistics on Foreign Residents (在留外国人統計), Table 1, end of December (e-Stat; Government of Japan Standard Terms of Use 2.0)Data as at Dec 2025

Schengen visas in Canada

Short-stay (C) visa applications at Schengen consulates located in Canada, 2024. Applicants are mostly, but not only, its citizens.

Schengen stateApplicationsIssuedNot issuedRefusal rate
France14,52013,8341,1117.7%
Italy5,5085,3391653.0%
Netherlands5,2315,008601.1%
Switzerland4,7234,5351673.5%
Germany2,4312,3031144.7%
Portugal2,1261,994411.9%
Spain1,7271,647241.4%
Greece1,3161,30650.4%
Belgium1,052909858.1%
Austria1,013944686.7%
Czechia618588284.5%
Poland5624995710.1%
Croatia344307236.7%
Estonia2371647230.4%
Hungary1991732613.1%

Applications by year

21k42k2009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024
21k42k200920122015201820212024
Data table
200913,050
201015,154
201115,816
201216,712
201320,888
201421,963
201528,927
201624,410
201727,303
201830,140
201934,512
20206,345
20216,676
202225,678
202335,087
202442,265
Refusal rate, 2024
5.0%
Refusal rate, 2019
4.1%
Source: European Commission, DG Migration and Home Affairs, visa statistics for consulates (CC BY 4.0)Data as at 2024

Residence permits in Europe

First residence permits issued to citizens of Canada in EU and EFTA countries, 2025 (Eurostat).

First permits by reason
  1. Education6,426
  2. Work4,398
  3. Family4,028
  4. Other reasons2,676
First permits by country
  1. France3,590
  2. Germany1,947
  3. Spain1,698
  4. Netherlands1,399
  5. Switzerland1,289
  6. Ireland1,007
  7. Denmark970
  8. Sweden783
  9. Italy615
  10. Portugal584
  11. Belgium542
  12. Norway407
Work permits by type, 2025
  1. EU Blue Card331
  2. Highly skilled workers (national schemes)791
  3. Researchers387
  4. Other paid activities2,889
EU Blue Cards granted, 2024
577
Citizenships acquired in the EU, 2024
1,893
Students in EU/EFTA tertiary education, 2024
8,741
Refused entry at EU external borders, 2025
205
Valid residence permits, 31 Dec 2025
76,695
Long-term residence permits issued, 2025
3,157
Changed status into work, 2025
444
Intra-corporate transferee permits, 2025
73
Seasonal work authorisations, 2024
23
Source: Eurostat (migr_resfirst, migr_resbc11, migr_acq, educ_uoe_mobs02, migr_eirfs, migr_pop1ctz), CC BY 4.0Data as at 2024–2025

National statistics in Europe

Citizens of Canada in the figures of national statistics offices: residence permits granted in Denmark, immigrations by grounds for settlement in Sweden and immigrants with a non-EU/EFTA nationality by migration motive in the Netherlands; Finland and Austria publish immigration and emigration by citizenship only.

CountryYearAllWorkStudyFamilyProtectionOther or unknown
Denmark20251,01852543645012
Sweden202529510339142011
Netherlands20251,1352304852500170
CountryYearImmigrationEmigrationNet migration
Finland2025917120
Austria2025512407105
Work-related, latest year
  1. Denmark525
  2. Sweden103
  3. Netherlands230
Source: Danmarks Statistik, Statistikbanken VAN66 and VAN77M (CC BY 4.0); SCB (Statistics Sweden), Statistikdatabasen TAB1614 and TAB6670 (CC0); CBS (Statistics Netherlands), StatLine 84809NED (CC BY 4.0); Statistics Finland (Tilastokeskus), StatFin 11a8 (CC BY 4.0); Statistik Austria, OGD_bevwan020_AUSSENWAND_100 (CC BY 4.0)Data as at 2025

Foreign embassies and consulates in Canada

Countries with an embassy or consulate in Canada, as recorded in Wikidata.

CountryEmbassiesConsulates-generalConsulates
Afghanistan1——
Albania1——
Algeria1——
Argentina1——
Armenia1——
Australia—11
Austria1——
Azerbaijan1——
Bahamas—1—
Belgium1——
Bolivia1——
Bosnia and Herzegovina1——
Brazil11—
Bulgaria1——
Burkina Faso1——
Chad1——
Chile1——
China18—
Colombia1——
Costa Rica1——
Croatia1——
Cuba1——
Czechia1——
Côte d’Ivoire1——
DR Congo1——
Dominican Republic1——
Ecuador1——
Egypt1——
El Salvador1——
Eritrea—1—
Estonia1——
Ethiopia1——
Finland1——
France15—
Gabon1——
Georgia1——
Germany13—
Ghana—1—
Greece1——
Guatemala1——
Guinea1——
Haiti1——
Honduras1——
Hungary12—
Iceland1——
India—2—
Indonesia12—
Iran1——
Iraq1——
Ireland1——
Israel11—
Italy1——
Japan14—
Jordan1——
Kazakhstan1——
Kosovo1——
Kuwait1——
Latvia1——
Lebanon1——
Libya1——
Lithuania1——
Luxembourg1——
Madagascar1——
Malaysia—1—
Mali1——
Mexico1——
Moldova1——
Mongolia1——
Morocco12—
Myanmar1——
Nepal1——
Netherlands1——
Nicaragua1——
North Macedonia1——
Norway1——
Panama1——
Paraguay1——
Peru1——
Philippines11—
Poland13—
Portugal1——
Qatar1——
Republic of the Congo1——
Romania11—
Russia1——
Saudi Arabia1——
Senegal1——
Serbia1——
Slovakia1——
Slovenia112
South Korea11—
Spain12—
Sudan1——
Sweden1——
Switzerland1——
Syria1——
Thailand1——
Togo1——
Tunisia1——
Türkiye13—
Ukraine1——
United Arab Emirates1—1
United Kingdom——4
United States—61
Uruguay1——
Venezuela1——
Vietnam1——
Yemen1——
Zimbabwe1——
Countries
109
Missions
163
Source: Wikidata (CC0)Data as at Oct 2026

Remittances

Money that migrants send home: personal remittances received by Canada, in current US dollars (World Bank).

Remittances received by year, US$ million

6761,3512000200320062009201220152018202120242025
6761,351200020052010201520202025
Data table
2000555
2001611
2002635
2003672
2004828
2005934
20061,086
20071,177
20081,299
20091,196
20101,199
20111,227
20121,255
20131,337
20141,351
20151,274
20161,289
20171,268
20181,296
20191,312
2020822
2021832
2022864
2023847
2024851
2025834
Remittances received, 2025
US$834 million
Share of GDP, 2025
0.04%
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0)Data as at 2025

All corridors from Canada

Destinations with a dedicated page for citizens of this country.

  • Canada → United States
  • Canada → South Korea
  • Canada → Mexico
  • Canada → France
  • Canada → Germany
  • Canada → Japan
  • Canada → Australia
  • Canada → Netherlands
  • Canada → New Zealand
  • Canada → Italy
  • Canada → Switzerland
  • Canada → Portugal
  • Canada → Türkiye
  • Canada → Denmark
  • Canada → Belgium
  • Canada → Spain
  • Canada → Sweden
  • Canada → United Kingdom
Source: OECD, International Migration Database (OECD.ELS.IMD), accessed 24 Oct 2026Data as at 2023

Official data, not advice. Visa Atlas publishes figures from government registers and statistics. It does not assess eligibility or give immigration advice; for advice, consult a regulated adviser. Read more